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Mauro Zammarano John R. Shields Isaac Leventon Ickchan Kim Shonali Nazare Andre Thompson Rick D. Davis Artur Chernovsky Matthew Bundy 《火与材料》2021,45(1):114-126
Herein, we describe a reduced‐scale test (“Cube” test), measuring the fire performance of specimens including a fire barrier (FB) and a flammable core material, which acts as the main fuel load. The specimen is intended to reproduce a cross‐section of a composite product where heat/mass transfer occurs primarily in a direction perpendicular to the FB. The Cube test procedure and benefits are discussed in this work by adopting residential upholstery furniture as an exemplary study. One flexible polyurethane foam, one polypropylene cover fabric, and 10 commercially available FBs were selected. They were used to compare the fire performance of FBs, measured in terms of peak of heat release rate, in the ASTM E1474‐14 standard test and the newly developed Cube test. Edge effects severely affected the performance of FBs in the ASTM E1474‐14 standard test but not in the Cube test. Furthermore, appropriate test conditions were determined in the Cube test to measure the so‐called “wetting point,” that is, the time and value of heat release rate measured when flammable liquid products were first observed on the bottom of the specimen. The relevance of the “wetting point” in terms of full‐scale fire performance and failure mechanism of FBs is discussed. 相似文献
3.
K. A. Unocic J. Bergholz T. Huang D. Naumenko R. Vaßen 《Energy Materials: Materials Science and Engineering for Energy Systems》2018,13(1):108-119
To fabricate oxide dispersion strengthened bond coatings, commercial Co–30wt-%Ni–20Cr–8Al–0?4Y powder was milled with 2% additions of Al2O3, Y2O3 or Y2O3 + HfO2. Low-pressure plasma sprayed, free-standing specimens were oxidised in air + 10%H2O at 1100 °C both isothermally (100 h) and in 500, 1?h cycles. Dry air cyclic testing conducted at both ORNL and FZJ showed remarkably similar results. In general, the water vapour addition caused more scale spallation. Two LPPS specimens without oxide additions were tested for comparison. The specimens with 2%Al2O3 addition exhibited the best behaviour as the powder already contained 0?4%Y. Additions of 2%Y2O3 and especially 1%Y2O3 + 1%HfO2 resulted in over-doping as evidenced by high mass gains and the formation of Y- and Hf-rich pegs. Scanning transmission electron microscopy of the isothermal specimens showed no Hf and/or Y segregation to the alumina scale grain boundaries in the over-doped specimens. 相似文献
4.
交通信号灯识别包括检测和状态识别,在智能交通系统中发挥重要作用。基于YOLOv3算法提出了一种交通信号灯检测与状态识别模型。针对交通信号灯相较于交通场景中其他目标具有尺度小的特性进行了算法的设计:降低骨干网络的下采样倍率以增加小尺度目标的特征描述能力;通过增大特征图的尺度来改进多尺度特征融合;引入广义交并比作为检测任务的损失函数来改进目标边界框的回归效果。同时,根据交通信号灯本身的特性,使用颜色和形状约束的方法对信号灯进行状态识别和类别验证。最后在公开的Bosch交通信号灯数据集上和实际的城区道路进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,所提出的算法能够提升交通信号灯识别的精度和召回率,识别准确率可以达到90%左右。 相似文献
5.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(73):36569-36580
Hydrogen energy utilization is expected due to its environmental and energy efficiencies. However, many issues remain to be solved in the social implementation of hydrogen energy through water electrolysis. This analyzes and compares the energy consumption and GHG emissions of fossil fuel-derived hydrogen and gasoline energy systems over their entire life cycle. The results demonstrate that for similar vehicle weights, the hydrogen energy system consumes 1.8 MJ/km less energy and emits 0.15 kg-CO 2 eq./km fewer GHG emissions than those of the gasoline energy system. Hydrogen derived from fossil fuels may contribute to future energy systems due to its stable energy supply and economic efficiency. Lowering the power source carbon content also improved the environmental and energy efficiencies of hydrogen energy derived from fossil fuels. 相似文献
6.
摘要:菱铁矿作为中国重要的铁矿资源,因具有“贫、细、杂”的特点,常规选矿工艺无法对其进行有效分选;此外,中国低阶煤通常被用作低级燃料直接燃烧使用,导致大气污染严重。因此,开发复杂难选铁矿石及低阶煤资源高效清洁利用新技术,将具有重要现实意义。以难选的低品位菱铁矿和难利用低阶煤为对象,开展菱铁矿直接还原与低阶煤提质一体化扩大试验研究。以神府烟煤为还原剂,在直接还原温度为1050℃,时间为120min,C/Fe质量比为250,脱硫剂配比为6%,干式磁选磁场强度为015 T,一段磨矿细度小于0074mm占50%左右,湿式磁选磁场强度为008 T,二段磨矿细度小于0074mm占90%左右,磁选磁场强度为0043 T的条件下,可获得直接还原铁(DRI)粉铁品位9103%、铁总回收率8133%的良好指标;同时每吨DRI固定碳质量分数为7611%的半焦产品产出率为1340kg,其质量达到工业及民用燃料兰炭Ⅰ级品标准。在煤基直接还原工艺中一步成功实现低阶煤半焦化提质和铁矿直接还原,不仅可制备电炉炼钢原料,还可以生产新型的清洁燃料半焦。 相似文献
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8.
Lingfeng Zhou Zhipeng Zeng Michael P. Brady Donovan N. Leonard Harry M. Meyer Yukinori Yamamoto Wenyuan Li Greg Collins Xingbo Liu 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(41):21619-21633
The chromium (Cr) evaporation behavior of several different types of iron (Fe)-based AFA alloys and benchmark Cr2O3-forming Fe-based 310 and Ni-based 625 alloys was investigated for 500 h exposures at 800 °C to 900 °C in air with 10% H2O. The Cr evaporation rates from alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) alloys were ~5 to 35 times lower than that of the Cr2O3-forming alloys depending on alloy and temperature. The Cr evaporation behavior was correlated with extensive characterization of the chemistry and microstructure of the oxide scales, which also revealed a degree of quartz tube Si contamination during the test. Long-term oxidation kinetics were also assessed at 800 to 1000 °C for up to 10,000 h in air with 10% H2O to provide further guidance for SOFC BOP component alloy selection. 相似文献
9.
Kaihui Ma Junyi Deng Gang Wang Qi Zhou Jian Xu 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2021,46(52):26646-26664
Hydrogen (H2) energy is a promising candidate to replace carbon monoxide (CO) as a reductant for iron oxide reduction in revolutionary ironmaking industrial processes, and numerous studies have been conducted to intensively study the utilization and impact of H2 in ironmaking processes. Therefore, this review first collects and compares the H2-assisted reduction mechanism and kinetics. The impacts of H2 on the reduction accompanying behaviors, such as the disintegration, swelling, sticking, softening, and melting of iron ores, are then summarized. Third, the performance of H2 predicted by either mass and heat balance models or numerical simulation models in various ironmaking processes is highlighted. Finally, the different applications of hydrogen-rich materials in blast furnace and non-blast furnace ironmaking processes are further compared to illuminate H2 utilization before our outlook on the use of H2 in the ironmaking industry. 相似文献
10.
研究一种基于机器视觉的集装箱箱号识别方法。对于集装箱彩色图像预处理过程中的灰度化方法,传统的灰度化算法不能有效弥补图像中污损或其他信息缺失的部分,因此,本文提出使用主成分分析法(PCA)结合贝叶斯阈值估计灰度变化率的混合法对图像的灰度化进行优化,可以在判断图像中某一点灰度值与周围相邻像素点的灰度值的变化率后,弥补缺失信息,有效确定边缘特征,从而使后续的字符识别准确率大大提高。最后使用该算法模型设计实现一套用于港口集装箱的智能检测系统。经过Matlab实验验证,在对50幅港口集装箱箱号图像的识别中,通过使用本文提出的混合灰度化方法,与普通的均值法和加权平均法的灰度化方法相比,准确率更高,其中单一字符准确率可达96%,箱号准确率可达92%。 相似文献